KAMAL THE GREAT GUY

LIST OF CLINICAL RESEARCH COMPANY IN INIDA

2011-10-31T18:03:00.000-07:00

Accenture
Accutest
Aditya Jyot Eye Hospital
Advanced Clinical Research
Alkem
Allergan
APC pharma
Apollo Hospitals
Apothecaries
Asian Clinical Trials
ACTREC
Asian Heart Institute
Asiatic Clinical Research
Avesthagen
BA Research
Bangalore Allergy Centre
Bayer Bharathi
AXABiogen
idec
Bombay Bioresearch Centre
Bristol Meyers Squibb Cadila Healthcare Ltd Caliber Point Cardinal Clinical Research CCDC Chanre Diagnostics Charak Pharma Chiltern International Chiron Panacea Vaccines Chowpatty Medical Centre
i3 research
Quest diagnostics
Icon
iGATE
Indegene
Intas Pharma
IPCA
iProcess
IRL Research Ltd
Johnson & Johnson
Jalaja Technologies
Jaslok Hospital
Jubilant Clinsys
Kendle
Lambda
Merck
Medpace International
Metropolis
Mulbere Health Care
Narayana Hrudayalaya Research Centre
Narayana Nethralaya
Neeman International
National Aids Research Institute
Nicholas Piramal
NIM delhi
Nipuna
Novartis
Novonordisk
Nycomed
Omnicare
Panacea
Patni computers
Pfizer
Pharmarc
PharmaNet
PPD
PRA Interational
Pharma Arc
QRG hospital
Quintiles
Rajiv Gandhi Cancer hospital
Ranbaxy

Cipla Clinigene Clinigene Clinirx Clinsys Clintec Clinworld Cognizant D2L Pharma Dayanand Medical College Dharmshila cancer hospital Dinanath Mangeskar Hospital Dr. Reddys Labs Elder Pharma Emcure Pharma Escort hospital ETI Karle Excel Life Sciences Excelerex Fortis CRO Frontier Lifeline hospital Fulford Ganga Ram hospital Genzyme Genpact Glaxo Smithkline Glenmark GVK HCL Hindustan lever Limited
Reliance
RML hospital
Roche
Sahajanand Medical
Sanofi Aventis
Sciformix
Scitech Patent Art Services
Semler Research Centre
Serdia
Pharma Arc
Siro Clinpharm
Sitec Labs Sandoz
Smart analyst
Society for applied studies, sristek
Society for Chembiotek Calcutta
Spectrum CR
Sristek
SRL Ranbaxy
St.Johns Medical College & Research Centre
Swiss Re
Synchron Research
Tata Memorial Hospital
TCS
Themis Medicare
Torrent Pharma
Translational Medicine India Inc
Triesta Sciences
Unichem Labs
USV Ltd
Vedic Life Sciences
Veeda CR
Vibgyor Scientific Research
Vikram Hospital
Vital Health Software
Wipro
Wellspring
WNS global
Wockhardt
Wolters Kluwer
World Courrier
Zydus Cadila

view the result of smude 2011 here

2011-03-06T19:35:00.000-08:00

view the result of smude2011 here of various cour
MBA
MBA for Executives
BBA

MCA
MScIT
BCA

BCom Prodegree
BScNT Prodegree
BAJM
msc crra
bpt

http://results.smude.edu.in/

मधुबनी आर्ट

2009-11-04T06:41:00.000-08:00

Madhubani art
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

Madhubani Painting by Bharti Dayal
Madhubani painting or Mithila Painting is a style of Indian painting, practiced in the Mithila region of Bihar state, India.
Contents[hide]
1 Origins
2 Developments
3 See also
4 Notes
5 External links
//
[edit] Origins
The origins of Madhubani painting or Mithila Painting are shrouded in antiquity. Tradition states that this style of painting originated at the time of the Ramayana, when King Janak commissioned artists to do paintings at the time of marriage of his daughter, Sita, to Lord Ram.
Madhubani painting has been done traditionally by the women of villages around the present town of Madhubani (the literal meaning of which is forests of honey) and other areas of Mithila. The painting was traditionally done on freshly plastered mud wall of huts, but now it is also done on cloth, hand-made paper and canvas.
As Madhubani painting has remained confined to a compact geographical area and the skills have been passed on through centuries, the content and the style have largely remained the same. Madhubani paintings also use two dimensional imagery, and the colors used are derived from plants. Ochre and lampblack are also used for reddish brown and black respectively.
Madhubani paintings mostly depict nature and Hindu religious motifs, and the themes generally revolve around Hindu deities like Krishna, Ram, Shiva, Durga, Lakshmi, and Saraswati. Natural objects like the sun, the moon, and religious plants like tulsi are also widely painted, along with scenes from the royal court and social events like weddings. Generally no space is left empty; the gaps are filled by paintings of flowers, animals, birds, and even geometric designs. Objects depicted in the walls of kohabar ghar (where newly wed couple see each other in the first night) are symbols of sexual pleasure and procreation.
Traditionally, painting was one of the skills that was passed down from generation to generation in the families of the Mithila Region, mainly by women.[1] The painting was usually done on walls during festivals, religious events, and other milestones of the life-cycle such as birth, Upanayanam (sacred thread ceremony), and marriage.
[edit] Developments
Sita Devi of Jitwarpur village, Baua Devi and Ganga Devi were the pioneers in transforming the Mithila Paintings from village walls onto paper and canvas. The present-day notable artists include Sarita Devi (daughter of Baua Devi), Pushpa Kumari, Karpuri Devi, Mahasundari Devi, Godawari Dutta, Jamuna Devi and Lalita Devi.[2]

NOKIA SECRET CODES

2009-02-21T06:17:00.000-08:00

1. *3370# : This allows you to enhance the sound quality on your Nokia Cell phone. Press #3370# to deactivate Enhanced Sound Rate Code
2. *4720# : This is opposite to ESR codec activation above. Activates a lower quality sound on your Nokia Cell phone but you can gain almost 30% more in talk time. Use it if you are low on battery and need to last a business trip
3. *#0000# This displays the version on your Nokia Cell phone.*#9999# does the same
4. *#06# This code lets you check the IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) number of your Nokia Cell phone
5. #pw+1234567890+4# This lets you find out about the SIM code lock or unlock status on your Nokia Cell phone
6. *#21# In case you activated the Call divert feature, you can use this code to check that number
7. *#2640# This displays the security code currently in use on your Nokia Cell phone.
8. *#30# In case you received a call from a private number, this Nokia Secret cell phone code lets you see that private number
9. *#62# In case you are roaming on in a place where your cell phone providers signals are hard to reach you can activate a “Divert If Unreachable (no service)” calls.
10. *#67705646# Remove that ugly operator logo on your Nokia Cell phones 3310 & 3330.
11. *#92702689# This lets you see the serial number, the date your Nokia cell phone was made, a purchase date if in the system and the date of last repair.
12. 12345 This is the default security code on most Nokia Cell phones

SECRET CODES OF SONY ERICSSON

2009-02-21T06:13:00.000-08:00

Sony Ericsson Secret Codes
January 3, 2008 - 16:20 — mannu To get Sony Ericsson Secret Menu:
-> * <- <- * <- * (-> means press joystick, arrow keys or jogdial to the right and <- means left.) You'll see phone model, software info, IMEI, configuration info, sim lock status, REAL time clock, total call time and text labels. You can also test your phones services and hardware from this menu (main display, camera, LED/illumination, Flash LED, keyboard, earphone, speaker, microphone, radio and vibrator tests) IMEI Number: *#06# Lockstatus: <- * * <- Shortcut to last dialed numbers: 0# Shortcut to sim numbers: On main menu type a number and press # If you change the language from default to any other language, then it may be difficult to switch to default language. The shortcut is very simple. Older Ericssons *#0000# & Newer Ericssons <0000> & Also, pressing <8888> on the newer Ericssons changes the language to Automatic. <> stands for right arrow button or joystick.

Copy & Paste when using phonebook:
Go into "Edit contact", and select the Contact
Scroll down to the number you want to cut and paste.
Without selecting it (ie without clicking on the joystick or the yes button) press and hold the * key, and then press the 1 key. When you release both keys, the highlighted number should disappear
Now move to the appropriate entry (eg the "Mob" entry) and press and hold the * key, then press the 3 key. When you release both, the number is pasted into this entry. (1 for cut, 2 for copy and 3 for paste)

If you've cleared your call list you can easily find unsaved dialed no:
Go to Message then Write New & Press yes. Click on Continue. In the menu to let you key in the number to send msg, press the right up key for more menu & you go to the following list.
Phone book, Groups, Sim entries and Unsaved nos.
Select Unsaved nos, there you will see last 10 unsaved number.
Those numbers can't be erased even you clear your entire call list.

**************************************

SECRET C

2009-02-19T08:06:00.000-08:00

2009-02-19T01:35:00.001-08:00

2009-02-19T01:35:00.000-08:00

2009-02-19T01:34:00.001-08:00

CCS University Meerut
One of the most famous universities of India is the CCS University Meerut, the former Meerut University. CCS is the acronym of Chaudhary Charan Singh the late prime minister who this university is named after. The CCS University Meerut was established in the year 1966 while it celebrated its silver jubilee in 1991. CCS University Meerut has a huge campus of over 219 acres located outside Meerut. The campus has large playgrounds, a botanical garden, experimental fields and a rose garden housing the life style statue of the late Prime Minister Chaudhary Charan Singh. In addition to all this, there is also an indoor stadium, a spacious auditorium, an administrative block, guest house, a community center, a well equipped library and a medical center on the campus.The different teaching facilities and departments of CCS University Meerut are found in different spacious buildings which each has well equipped laboratories. The CCS University Meerut is proud to be the first university in India to start the M.Phil. Program. The specialty of this program is that it has a semester system, and conducts continuous evaluation of the progress of its students through tests, quizzes and seminars. There are seven hostels in the CCS University Meerut where three are meant for boys, three for girls and one for sports. These hostels of the university provide excellent hostel accommodation for a stipulated number of bonafide, full time students who pay their fees regularly. These hostels for boys can accommodate about 200 boys while the girls’ hostels have a total accommodation of 186 rooms. CCS University Meerut is famous in India for its achievements in sports and games. It has produced numerous players who have reached both national and international levels. You can find many athletic meets being organized here, along with inter-collegiate sports activities like basketball, hockey, cricket and wrestling.

2009-02-19T01:34:00.000-08:00

2009-02-18T09:35:00.000-08:00

MAITHIL SAMAJ

2009-02-18T09:23:00.000-08:00

PURVA HOUSE (Bhojpuri-Maithili Service centre)

PURVA HOUSE (Bhojpuri-Maithili Service centre) It will have the following 21 wings. 1. Research and Development 2. Help Desk (24 hours) 3. NRI stay and assistance 4. Digital & Print Publication 5. Food Plaza 6. Public Library 7. Cultural Promotion ...
Mithilanchal's son of soil awarded Police Medal

(Mithilanchal's son of soil awarded Police Medal for Meritorious Service by Government of India) Shri Om Shankar Jha, Commandant BSF is son of Shri Rama Kant Jha, resident of “Mithilanchal” in remote Kosi belt of Village-Dwalakh, district-Madhubani, Bihar. He studied in his village school till class 7th and there after selected for national scholarship and studied in M. L. Academy, Darbhanga. He graduated in B. ...
bhogendra jha

The Veteran Communist Leader Com Bhogendra Jha was paid the last tributes at PATNA, Darbhanga and madhubani The octogenarian outstanding communist leader ardent freedom fighter Com. Bhogendra Jha is no more. He adorned the posts of the member of the presidium of “All India Freedom Fighters’ Association”, General Secretary and President of “All India Kisan Sabha”, The Deputy leader of the parliamentary group of the CPI., The National Executive Member ...
Udit Narayan's Indian citizenship questioned

Mumbai, Jan 15 : No sooner had singer Udit Narayan's name been mentioned among the possible candidates for the Padma Shri this year, he was accused of not being an Indian citizen and therefore not eligible for the civilian honour. But the singer - who according to some reports was born in Raj Biraj town of Saptari district in southern Nepal - says that he was born in Bihar. "They are out to malign me and stop me from being given the recognition that the government thinks I de ...
bihari swadeshiya not pardeshiya

Bihari ke pardesh shabad ke vipreet swadesh kahiya neek lagtain?
KBK ENTERPRISES

KBK ENTERPRISES Complete Electrical & IT Solutions BEHIND TELCO SERVICE CENTRE, MAHARAL, KALYAN.BLDG.NO.1, Tel.0251-2280683, Mob.-9224344099,9224328033,9226325640,9423944716, Email-kbkenterprises@rediffmail.com. We introduce ourselves as Authorised dealer, sales & service provider for all types of electronic (IT) and electrical products/ equipments to save energy as well a ...
financial planning aur tax bachat

Samasta maithil ke hamar su-madhur prem. Apane sab tax bachat ke uljhan me aur jaldabaji me apan aaga ke financial jarurat ke bishari ka je plan samajh me aayal o plan me nivesh ka lait chhi, muda kanik satarkta aur jagarugta laabi ta sab jarurat aabshya pura hoyat aur u/s 80c,u/s 10(10D) aur u/s80D etc. ke sangahi bahut sara bhayda hoyad. Apane sab ke seba me sadaib hamar sath rahat aur maithil samaj ke ham apan seba bilkul muphta me daita chhi. Apane sab nih-sankoj sampark ka sakait chhi . Pun ...
Who am I

Sampurn bharatwasi aur khas ka mithilawasi ke humra taraf san naya saalak mubarak. Aasha karai chhi je ahaank jindgik sapna sighra pura hoye.Aai ke samay me ta dekhe rahal chhi je appan deshak ki haal achhi. Hum sab aapas me ladi rahal chhi aur ekar kio dosar majaa loot rahal chhai. Hum sampurn mithilawasi aayi sapath liya je aaiye san hum appan desh ke baare men sochab. kiyak ta agar desh surakshit ta hum surakshit.
hamar ekta par sawal

ek taraf ta raj thakhre hamara aar ke lel galat kair rahal chhath,likin dosar taraf apna samaj k lel kuch t kar rahal chhath. humhu bihari logan k agar kenko laaz bachhal chai t hunko appan ekta k paath padh k dekha diu, ki hmhu bihari kekro se kam nai chhi .................hamroo bihari hoi par garv chhai aa hamesa rahtai............anand bangalore.............
RAJ THAKRE, BAL THAKRE AA MUMBAI

AAI KATA GEL RAJ THAKRE AA BAL THAKRE JAKHAN MUMBAI ME DAHSHAT KE NACH CHALI RAHAL CHHAL. KICHHU BAJNAI TA DOOR GHAR SA BAHRO NAI BHEL O AAR OKAR (MANISK RUP SA BIKRIT) SENA. EE SAB KEBAL GHARE ME BAJAIT ACHHI.
A black name and black episode in Indian Politics

About Raj Thakrey Any body, wheather it is Raj or any body else,who is playing with the unity and integrity of India is a national threat. He is a blot on the forehead of Indian democracy. These types of personality is responsible for the assasination of leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Indira Gandhi. Just for the sake of some votes they try to devide the country on the basis of religion (what his uncle tried to do), caste, languages and now the regionalism.
RAJ THAKRE

RAJ THAKRE KE BAARE MAIN SABHAK PRATIKRIYA PADHLAHU O SAHI MAIN BAHUT GALAT KA RAHAL AICH. MUDA OKAR JIMEDAR SHIRF RAJ THAKRE NAI AICH HAMAR STATE KE NETA SAB SEHO AICH KIYEK TA O BIHAR AUR UP MAIN KIYEK NE ROJGARAK BYABASTHA KARAIT CHAIK JE LOK KE BAHAR JAAY PARAIT CHAI. JABAT TAK I BYABASTHA NAI HOYAT O HEBE KARAT SHYAM
DESH KA KALANK : RAJ THAKRE

Raj Thakre aur uski "Bhatki hui Sena" ko Bihar ke kisi "Prathmik Vidyalay" me jaakar Shiksha grahan karne ki aawasyakta hai. Darasal, Raj Thakre apane purwazo ke nakshe-kadam par hi chal rahe hain. Raj apne purwazo ke dwara ki gayee galtiyo ko duhara kar desh ko punah 18 wi shatabdi me pahuchane ki koshish kar rahe hain. Raj Thakre ko itihaas ke panno me jhankana chahiye. Bharat ke saput Kshatrapati Sivaji par aaj bhi sara desh garv kar sakta hai. Siva ne Rastrawaad ka nara diya tha. Unhone ...
BIJAY KR. JHA (C.F.C.) FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Sa-Hriday Namaskar Bahut man harshit hoet achhi jakhan apne loknik rash bharal sandesh pavait chhi. aab hamara bujha rahal achhi je ek bahut badiya...sundar.....shukhi.......swaksh.........mithilak nirman hoa me bishesh samay nahi lakat. Apne sa bishesh agrah achhi je TAX - SAVING ke samay abi kel chhai ta jaldabaji me INVESTMENT PLAN leba sa bachab. Ona bha sa ke the FINANCIAL PLANNING ka ka rakhi lia. Taki kaghanahu investment ya saving ka ra pare ta short-term goal aur long -term ambition p ...
raj thakray

Raj thakray apni kamjorion ko chupane ke liye dusron ko nissana bana rahe hain. ye completely rajniti se prerit hai. en jaise logon ko na maharastra se matlab hota hai na hi apne desh se. ye apne matlab ke liye kuch b kar sakte hain. mere hindi bhasiyon dost aap sayam barte, mere yahan kahavat hai jo jaisa boyega wo waisa katega.
CALLING FOR GROUND LEVEL LEADERS FROM MADHUBANI

CALLING FOR GROUND LEVEL LEADERS FROM MADHUBANI, BIHAR INTRODUCTION An enterprise aiming to eventually enhance the food security situation of India – by leveraging the fertile land in North Bihar (Mithila) – is being planned to be undertaken by the Chordia Food Park (www.chordia.com) in the near future; latest by 31 Dec 2011. The first step in this direction would be to operate a profit-making Food Processing Unit (FPU) in Madhubani district in North Bihar. THE IDEA Marketing pr ...
Is it a crime to being a Bihari?

Did you observe what happened in Maharastra on 27.10.08? Rahul Raj, a meritorious Bihari student was insulted by the bus conductor in Mumbai on the ground of being a Bihari (as “Bihari” has become a synonym of abuse in all over India) and when he lost his temper and took out the revolver, he was shot dead by the Mumbai police. Although, he might have arrested, but since he was a Bihari, so he was killed brutally. And when MNS workers kill any Bihari, Mumbai Police don’t show this type of “devot ...
SELF RESECT OF BIHARI OVER RAJ ISSUE

I am of the opinion that our Bihari/ North indian bai log has lost their self respect. I am shoked to see the scenes of beating of students by MNS workere on news channels. A few MNS worker was beating hundreds of students, why not these people could crush them. Now our bihari bai log bihar me jakar apne hi bihari logo ke liye problem create kar rahe hai. And some of the scrupolous elements are taking benefits of these. So many factors are responsible for these types of misconduct. Firs ...
Sanju

Hello Mithilavasi Ahan lokni sab ke Sanju Jha ke tadaf san Namskar!! Hamr nam sanjeev chhi aaur hum gaon Padma (Jaynagar, Madhubani) ke rahay wala chhi muda vartman me hum umbai mein rahi rahal chhi. Hum pvt job me chhi lekin sangahi hum Mitthila aa Maithilk lel jahan tak sambhav eichhi apan yogdan ka rahal chhi, aaur ahun sab san aagrah je apan Mithila aa Mathilak lel avashya sochi Ja Mithila, Jai Maithil

FRIENDSHIP

2008-10-08T06:49:00.002-07:00

Wo jo mere dard ko apna dard kahta haiHans k zakhm jo mere apni jaa’n pe sahta haiAjnabi hua hai tu kitne dard degayaNind khwab legaya ..aah-e-sard degaya

Jubse usko paaya tha dard main kami thi kuchAnkh num tu thi lekin thori kum nami thi kuchMeri zaat ke sub ghum usko apne lagte thayUske lahje ke mosam jese sapne lagte thay

Shaam hote hi meri yaad ke daricho’n mainDard ki tapish uski sath sath ati thiOr us se milte hi phir se laut jati thiIs guma’n pe ke shayad ab nahi hun main tanha

Sath hai kisi ka ab mere safar main pinha …Par hamari qisamt main DARD hi mashiyat haiDard hi ta’assur hai .. dard hi waseeyat haiDard orhna apna..dard hi bichona hai

Dard hi pe hansna hai… dard hi pe rona hai ..!!bheeg jayen jab ankhain phir unhain chupana haiDard sahtay rahna hai …. OR ISI DARD K GALAY LAG K

AIK DIN MAR JANA HAI…!!!!

Rutho na a dost k fir!
roth jany waly maan b jaien tu
manany waly thak sy jaty hyn
aur hamary sath zindagi k saffer mien
chalny k qabil nahi rehty
khafa na ho a sathi k fir!
khafgion k mosum dyr tak nahi telty
dil-o-jaan mien,ruh k ander bohat hi
bohat hi door ja ker basyra kerty hyn
naraz na ho a hamdam k fir!
narazgi kadurraton ko janm dyti hy
kadurratien dil ki fir nahi jatien
aur!
zindagi ki shaffaf rahien dhundli-o-gurd aalood ho jati hyn
so myry dost ,myry sathi,myry hamdam!
mujhy aatbar ka maan do

Khamoshi se Dosti kar liye

Zindagi mein baatein bahut kar liye…
Sun liye hai zawab bhi…kabhi Dosto se, Kabhi Dushmano se,
Lavso ke is bhir mein ghutan si hoti hai ab to….
Mujhe sannata chahiye….. …
Isliye Khamoshi se Dosti kar liye…..
Baaton ki tanashahi bardasht karne ki taaqat na rahi……..
Viraane mein sar chupane ki jagah chahiye….. ….
Alfaazon ki koi matlab hi nahi milta……. .
Isliye Khamoshi se Dosti kar liye…..
Rahegi tamannaye, tamannaye to rahti hai…….
Par halaat yeh hai ki ab saare Hosh’o'Hawas kho chuke……. .
Is Bedardi ko kab tak jhel sakti hai yeh Dil’o'Dimaag……
Armaano se tang aa chuke hai hum bhi……
Isliye Khamoshi se Dosti kar liye…..
Musquraahaton se roshan hoti rahegi yeh Duniya…… ..
Mujhe roshniyon se dar lagne laga hai……
Mujhe Andhera Chahiye…..
Isliye Khamoshi se Dosti kar liye…..

SOMETHING ABOU JHA

2008-10-08T06:49:00.001-07:00

JHA refers to

Justice and Home Affairs, the former name for a pillar of the European Union, see Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters
an Indian and Nepali surname, see Jha (Surname)
Jha is a surname of Nepal and India, typically originating from the Mithilanchal. Jha's are Maithil Brahmins of the supreme order originating from Darbhanga and adjoining areas in present day Bihar and southern most part of Nepal. Their mother tongue is Maithili.

Jha may refer to:

Udit Narayan, playback singer in commercial Hindi-, Tamil-, Telugu-, Malayalam-, Kannada-, and Nepali-language cinema
Ram Kinkar Jha,Son of Jyotish Kumar Jha reknowned software Engineer started his career from HCL Technologies proved his Iron for his proficiency in interpersonal skills at just age of 24 and even in queue of many awards nominations this year.
Niraj Kumar Jha, Web Designer and Developer from New Delhi, India. Born in 1984 at Ujan Village(Bihar)
Sanjay Jha, Co-CEO of Motorola Inc.
Amishi P Jha, founder of the Jha lab for Investigating Cognition in space and time at the University of Pennsylvania.
Niraj Jha, writer, thinker. Author of the book 'Random Thoughts'.
Niraj K. Jha, award winning Professor of Electrical Engineering from Princeton University.
Prakash Jha, award winning Movie Maker in the Indian Film Industry at Mumbai, India.
Raj Kamal Jha, Indian novelist and journalist.
Rajesh Kumarkant Jha, Indian Software Engineer.
Ratan Jha, President of ANTA
Parmanada Jha, the first Vice President of Nepal

SOMETHING ABOU JHA

2008-10-08T06:49:00.000-07:00

tragedy with me on 11 august 2008

2008-10-05T20:22:00.000-07:00

hi friends i am here to tell you about the tragedy with me on 11 8 008
i lost many things due that tragedy
i m really sorry to my life my parent and my friends

this is my recent pic

2008-07-27T18:28:00.000-07:00

hi this is my new pic u can see that

2008-07-27T18:26:00.001-07:00

hi people
this is kaml kumar jha not from so rich family
i am here to discuss few of ideas wat do i think about peoples

steler system of pteridophyta

2008-07-27T18:17:00.000-07:00

Stele (biology)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In a vascular plant, the stele is the central part of the root or stem containing the vascular tissue and occasionally a pith. The concept of the stele was developed in the late nineteenth century by French botanists P. E. L. van Tieghem and H. Doultion as a model for understanding the relationship between the shoot and root, and for discussing the evolution of vascular plant morphology. Now, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, plant molecular biologists are coming to understand the genetics and developmental pathways that govern tissue patterns in the stele.[citation needed]

Protosteles
The earliest vascular plants had both root and shoot with a central core of vascular tissue. This consisted of xylem in the center, surrounded by a region of phloem tissue. Around these tissues there might be an endodermis that regulated the flow of water into and out of the vascular core. Such an arrangement is termed a protostele.
There are three basic types of protostele:
haplostele - the most basic of protosteles, with a cylindrical core of vascular tissue. This type of stele is the most common in roots.
actinostele - a variation of the protostele in which the core is lobed. This type of stele is rare among living plants, but is found in stems of the whisk fern, Psilotum.
plectostele - a protostele in which interconnected plate-like regions of xylem are surrounded and immersed in phloem tissue. Many modern club mosses (Lycopodiopsida) have this type of stele within their stems.